Reprinted below is a leaflet initially distributed by IBT supporters in the San
Francisco Bay Area in Spring 2009.
On 10 March 2009, the United States Senate began hearings on the
Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA). The bill, first proposed in 2003, failed to pass in 2007
and seems unlikely to even come to a vote this time. Both the AFL-CIO and “Change to
Win” union federations, which invested hundreds of millions of dollars getting
Democrats elected in 2008, had hoped that the EFCA would allow them to recoup their
investment by expanding their dues base. They are bitterly disappointed to see that, once
again, the Democratic “friends of labor” (including President Barack Obama,
who had co-sponsored the EFCA in the Senate) have double-crossed them.
The EFCA was supposed to ease requirements for union recognition by granting automatic
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) certification wherever a majority of employees
signed union cards. This “card check” would avoid a drawn-out certification
process, during which employers routinely stack the vote by intimidating workers, firing
union supporters and replacing them with anti-union employees. On 21 May 2009 Obama
declared that the EFCA’s proposed card check did not have enough support to pass,
but that perhaps some “compromise” could be worked out.
If the EFCA merely introduced a card check it would be a supportable reform, but it
came with a poison pill: binding arbitration to impose an initial two-year contract if no
agreement is signed within a month of certification. While the bureaucratic union
leadership viewed this as a bonus—expanding their membership base without risking
serious struggle—class-conscious militants oppose binding arbitration on principle
as a form of state control of the workers’ movement.
Compulsory arbitration has one objective: preserving “industrial peace” by
avoiding strikes. It was introduced in the U.S. in 1920, when the Kansas Court of
Industrial Relations was created “for the purpose of preserving the public peace,
protecting the public health, preventing industrial strife, disorder and waste, securing
regular and orderly conduct of the businesses directly affecting the living conditions of
the people” (quoted in Thames Ross Williamson, Problems in American
Democracy). At that time the trade unions were opposed to compulsory arbitration for
the simple reason that it took away their only effective weapon—the right to strike.
The bosses also opposed the court because they did not want the government setting wage
rates and conditions of employment.
Democrat ‘Friends of Labor’ Let EFCA
Die
The virtual unanimity of corporate America in opposing the EFCA shows that big business
today remains just as hostile to government intervention in “labor relations”
as in the 1920s. The politically bankrupt union bureaucrats, on the other hand, who shrink
from confrontation with the bosses, have veered from brandishing EFCA endorsements from
Obama and Joe Biden as if they were signed contracts to squealing about being
“betrayed.” For example, David Macaray, formerly with the Association of
Western Pulp and Paper Workers, was singing the praises of the EFCA in February:
“But here’s the astonishing part: If the parties can’t reach
a mediated settlement within 30 days, the FMCS [Federal Mediation and
Conciliation Service] has the authority to finalize the contract. In effect, it would be
binding arbitration. The notion of an outside party—a government agency, no
less—setting the terms of a labor agreement would put the fear of God in management,
causing them to do everything in their power to reach an equitable agreement. It’s a
profound improvement to the process.”
—www.counterpunch.org, 20 February 2009
Macaray must know that “a government agency”—the NLRB—has been
“setting the terms of labor agreements” in the U.S. for more than 70 years and
it certainly has not put “the fear of God in management.” In 2005, the median
time for the NLRB to issue a ruling in cases of Unfair Labor Practice complaints was 1,232
days (i.e., more than three years) and the average restitution for workers who
“won” was a piddly $3,800 (with a chance they might regain their jobs).
By May, Macaray was denouncing the Democrats:
“Earlier this week it was acknowledged by labor officials and Democratic
insiders that the EFCA (Employee Free Choice Act), as presently written, wasn’t
going to pass. While the bill may be reintroduced in a different form, the crucial
‘card check’ component has been pronounced dead. Although labor wonks across
the country were disappointed by the news, most weren’t surprised by
it.
“Despite all the hoopla and anticipation, skeptics had predicted long
ago that this ambitious bill, which would have provided working people with far greater
access to labor unions, had virtually no chance of passing. Why? Because it was too
explicitly ‘pro-labor’.”
“Big Business and the Democratic Party (despite its lip service) simply
couldn’t allow legislation this progressive to become law.”
—www.counterpunch.org, 22 May 2009
At rallies around the country the union tops had pitched the EFCA with disingenuous
claims that “the President wants you to join a union,” a reference to a slogan
used in the 1930s when Franklin Delano Roosevelt occupied the White House. There is indeed
a connection between Obama’s policies and those of FDR: both serve and protect big
business, not the working class. Roosevelt’s 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act
(NIRA), which was overturned by the courts a year after it was passed, mentioned the right
of collective bargaining as a sop to the union leaders who had supported his election
campaign. In 1935 the NIRA was replaced by the National Labor Relations Act (also known as
the Wagner Act), which formally recognized the right to organize. However, contrary to
reformist mythology, FDR did not give the unions anything: “this was a right won in
fact by direct mass struggles—strikes,” as Art Preiss noted in
Labor’s Giant Step.
Roosevelt postured as a friend of the unions in order to contain the enormous wave of
“illegal” sitdown strikes and plant seizures that gave birth to the Congress
of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The impetus for this labor revolt was provided by three
illegal, leftist-led general strikes in Toledo, San Francisco and Minneapolis. Farrell
Dobbs, a Trotskyist militant who played an important role in the Minneapolis strike,
subsequently observed:
“Class collaborationist union officials hailed the Wagner Act as
‘Labor’s Magna Charta.’ This, of course, was utter nonsense. Their
lavish praise of the new law was really an expression of hope that it would enable them to
keep the workers suckered into reliance on the capitalist government as a substitute for
use of union power against the bosses.”
—Teamster Power
Today, unlike in FDR’s time, the American bourgeoisie is not facing a large-scale
labor insurgency. The existing system serves the capitalists well, and the only reason for
them to go along with a card check or make any other concessions would be to deflect an
upsurge of labor militancy.
The EFCA represents an extension of FDR’s Wagner Act and the subsequent
Taft-Hartley (1947) and Landrum-Griffin (1959) laws that banned mass pickets and
“secondary” strikes (solidarity actions such as “hot-cargoing”)
and granted federal courts the power to issue strike-breaking injunctions. The tools that
built the industrial unions in the 1930s (mass picketing, workplace occupations and
secondary boycotts) must be taken up once again if American unions are going to regain
lost ground. The reason that these tactics are illegal is because they work. Every major
gain labor ever made has come by struggles that ignored the limits set by the employers
and their state.
In his important 1940 essay, “Trade Unions in the Epoch of Imperialist
Decay,” Leon Trotsky outlined how, in the age of monopoly capitalism, trusts,
syndicates, consortiums, etc., concentrated control of economic activity in a small number
of oligarchic interests bound up with and dependent on the state. He also discussed how,
in a parallel process, a pro-capitalist labor bureaucracy was consolidated that sought to
free itself from democratic rank-and-file control while simultaneously seeking to preserve
and extend its position by gaining influence over government policy rather than through
direct confrontations with capital. The bureaucrats historically embraced state
intervention in “regulating” labor relations, and only wanted a role in
shaping the legislation. The weakness of the labor movement in the U.S. today is directly
attributable to the union bureaucracy’s slavish legalism, its political dependence
on the Democratic Party and the subordination of the union to the agencies of the
imperialist state. As Trotsky wrote: “The primary slogan for this struggle [against
the bourgeoisie and the pro-capitalist labor bureaucracy] is: complete and
unconditional independence of the trade unions in relation to the capitalist
state.”
Selling Out ‘Undocumented’ Workers
The EFCA promised to increase both back pay awards and penalties for employer
discrimination, yet did not challenge the Supreme Court’s 2002 ruling (Hoffman
Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB) denying back pay to undocumented workers fired for
engaging in union activity. This was no mere oversight. The chauvinist trade-union
bureaucracy refuses to stand up for equal rights for the 12 million “illegal”
immigrants in the U.S., three quarters of whom are from Mexico or elsewhere in Latin
America. The failure of the union leadership to fight for full citizenship rights for
all—including the undocumented—is of a piece with their preference for begging
the Democratic wing of the ruling class to rewrite its labor legislation rather than risk
taking on the bosses.
The current capitalist crisis is characterized by widespread job losses, falling wages,
housing foreclosures and collapsing pensions. This has generated enormous anxiety among
working people and created conditions where tumultuous social upheavals are an immediate
possibility. Inevitably, attacks on the working class hit the most oppressed strata
hardest, as rightist demagogues seek to blame rising unemployment on “illegal”
immigrants “stealing” jobs. In fact, in recent years wages and working
conditions in several traditionally open-shop cities, including Los Angeles, have improved
somewhat as an influx of immigrants from countries with more militant traditions has
revitalized the local labor movement.
The potential significance of this phenomenon was dramatically demonstrated by the May
Day 2006 protests, when over 1.5 million people took a day off work in opposition to
legislation targeting undocumented workers. This “day without immigrants”
closed down schools, retail stores, meatpacking plants and even the port of Los Angeles
where truck drivers (mostly unorganized immigrants) refused to work. It was the largest
demonstration in the U.S. since the Vietnam War.
The size of the protest and its level of organization shocked the U.S. bourgeoisie and
demonstrated the enormous potential that exists for mass working-class resistance. In an
implicit recognition of the increasing importance of Latino immigrants within American
trade unions, the AFL-CIO provided some logistical support in the background, but the
bureaucrats did not want to be publicly identified with an illegal action that many
participants referred to as a “general strike.” The timidity of the union
misleaders not only reflects their subservience to the ruling class, but also their fear
of an upsurge from below. If the labor movement spearheaded a serious fight to win equal
rights for undocumented immigrants, the groundwork could be laid for organizing millions
of the unorganized. Yet the corrupt parasites atop the unions have no appetite for a
fight, and are rightly fearful that they could easily be pushed aside in any large-scale
eruption of militant labor struggle.
SEIU: New Frontiers of Bureaucratic Business
Unionism
One of the biggest backers of the EFCA was the Service Employees International Union
(SEIU), which has a high concentration of Latino immigrants in its ranks. After spending
some $67 million on Obama’s presidential campaign—more than any other
union—the SEIU today has net assets of only $34 million (Wall Street
Journal, 19 May 2009).
At the SEIU’s quadrennial convention in May 2008, this massive give-away to the
Democrats was approved by delegates who were told that the payoff was assured because
Obama would be “a U.S. president who is committed to leading the movement for
workers’ freedom to form unions and who will make it a priority to get the Employee
Free Choice Act passed by Congress” (Resolution 107).
Convention delegates also approved the leadership’s “Justice for All”
program that includes several measures to tighten centralized control. A key mechanism for
this is the introduction of “member resource centers”:
“Local unions that have already established Member Resource Centers are
now providing members prompt access to trained organizing staff that provide members
information in their own language, help solve job-related problems using 21st century
technology 24/7, and engage members in the core activities of our union….”
—Resolution 204a
Grievances that used to be handled by shop stewards elected in each workplace are now
supposed to be dealt with through centralized call centers under the direct control of the
SEIU tops. In a parallel move, the bureaucrats have also created an “Organizing
Corps” of college students that:
“will be a new group of temporary organizers modeled after the Peace
Corps or Teach for America. It will be aimed at people interested in doing social justice
work for a portion of their life, but who are unsure of what work they want to do long
term.”
—Resolution 205a
So instead of entrusting unionization drives to experienced field organizers, the SEIU
leadership proposes to use student temps with no connection to the membership and no
long-term stake in the union. The students may not be as effective, but from the point of
view of the bureaucrats they have the “advantage” of being less likely to
build a base in the membership that could potentially provide a point of support for
internal opposition.
The “Justice for All” plan will also give the national leadership control
over the finances of each branch and turn elected local leadership posts into full-time
staff positions. To serve as a local union officer, workers will have to quit their jobs,
thereby becoming dependent on the goodwill of the national office, which reassigns
staffers at will and terminates anyone deemed uncooperative.
The bureaucrats’ plans to remove political power from the base and introduce
highly centralized organizing mechanisms (which are to include advertising in capitalist
mass media and write-in campaigns) go hand in hand with a strategy of attempting to
increase their weight within the Democratic Party. The only time the union tops seek to
mobilize their ranks is when they want to provide a crowd at a rally. The failure of the
EFCA, which was the centerpiece of the SEIU bureaucrats’ “practical”
politics, dramatically illustrates the dead end represented by “21st century”
business unionism.
The Left and the EFCA
Much of the left hailed the EFCA as a major step forward. The Communist Party praised
it as a bold initiative, while the International Socialist Organization wrote:
“The [EFCA] legislation could play a role similar to Section 7(a) of
President Franklin Roosevelt’s National Recovery Act, which enshrined into federal
law the right to organize and buoyed the formation of mass industrial unions. Labor
organizers seized the moment to argue that ‘the president wants you to join the
union’….”
—Socialist Worker, 20 February
2009
Socialist Action, a U.S. affiliate of the moribund United Secretariat, was somewhat
more skeptical, but still supported the EFCA. The Spartacist League (SL), which usually
stands to the left of the ISO and Socialist Action, found common ground with them on this
issue. While warning that “binding arbitration is a trap,” the SL nonetheless
concluded that it was necessary to support the EFCA because the near-unanimous opposition
of the American bourgeoisie meant that it “represents a referendum on
unionization” (Workers Vanguard, 30 January 2009).
To our knowledge, the only tendency, apart from ourselves, to oppose the EFCA was the
Internationalist Group (IG)*, which recalled the opposition of the American Trotskyist
movement to FDR’s 1935 Wagner Act. The SL responded to the IG with a piece entitled,
“The IG and National Association of Manufacturers Oppose the EFCA”
(Workers Vanguard, 24 April 2009). While admitting that articles in the
Trotskyists’ New Militant had been “scathingly critical” of the
Wagner Act, the SL claimed that they “do not, in fact, explicitly oppose the
bill.” In making this assertion, the authors of this crude piece of hackwork
blithely ignored the 4 May 1935 New Militant article photographically reproduced
by the IG that characterized the Wagner Act as “a Noose for Labor.” To our way
of thinking, describing FDR’s law as “a Noose for Labor” is about as
explicit as it gets.
To turn the tide and begin to win real gains, the workers’ movement needs a
leadership that is prepared to challenge not only the capitalists’ anti-labor
legislation, but the entire system of exploitation for profit as well. The unions have to
start playing hardball with the bosses. This means a complete break with the Democratic
Party of racism and imperialist war, ousting the labor bureaucracy and a fight to forge a
revolutionary workers’ party committed to uniting the oppressed and exploited in a
struggle to smash capitalist rule and open the road to an egalitarian, socialist
future.
*We subsequently learned that the League for the Revolutionary Party also opposes
the EFCA.